Herbs and Herbalism

Plant ID

Europe - Trees

Evergreen

Holly Evergreen tree. Up to 21mm/70ft. Lower leaves-alternate, spiky, dark green. Higher leaves-oval/ Red blossoms followed by red berries November/December. Bark smooth grey. Small white 5 petals flowers in May/June

Juniper Evergreen conifer. Up to 1.5-3.5m/4-12ft. Stem: reddish Leaves prickly needles in whorls of three Flowers small yellow at base of leaves May – June Fruit green berry like cone in June ripens to dark purple berries September or October

Alder –Common Black-Tree which grows over 90 ft

Black or dark grey bark that is very wrinkled.

The leaves open in April and are rounded and inverted heart shape with the broadest part furthest away from the stem. With a toothed edge and blunt tip. They are light green when they 1st open but gradually get darker before falling in November. The leaf bud is enclosed in a brown/yellow pair of bud scales which peel back as the leaf opens The leaves are sticky when young as a gum is produced to ward off moisture. Alternate

The male flowers are arranged in catkins and are visible in winter as brown oval buds. In march they form into lambs tails. The female ones are a cluster of small flowers, which develop, into woody cones with small winged nutlets. The cones are green at 1st but become hard and woody. It matures aged 30 and can live up to 150 years. Many tiny roots

Carob Evergreen tree. Up to 10m Trunk: short and grey/brown bark Leaves dark green divided into pairs of oblong rounded leaflets, lighter on underside Flowers: green May-October Pods 10-30cm long, 3-5cm broad, containing dark brown seeds

Elder Large deciduous bush or tree up to 10m/33ft. with a corky bark. Buds set on alternative twigs. Leaves-5 to 7 leaflets large dark green with toothed margins, opposite, pinnate. Flowers-white umbels of numerous flowers, yellow anthers, four petals May and June. Bark-pale yellow/brown. Berry bunches –clusters of small purple-black fruit end of summer. Straight growing branches

Sea buckthorn Branched shrub or small tree Up to 6m Thorny, red/brown branches Leaves: alternate, dark green Flowers: yellow March-April Fruit: orange berry

Alder –Common Black-Tree which grows over 90 ft

Black or dark grey bark that is very wrinkled.

The leaves open in April and are rounded and inverted heart shape with the broadest part furthest away from the stem. With a toothed edge and blunt tip. They are light green when they 1st open but gradually get darker before falling in November. The leaf bud is enclosed in a brown/yellow pair of bud scales which peel back as the leaf opens The leaves are sticky when young as a gum is produced to ward off moisture. Alternate

The male flowers are arranged in catkins and are visible in winter as brown oval buds. In march they form into lambs tails. The female ones are a cluster of small flowers, which develop, into woody cones with small winged nutlets. The cones are green at 1st but become hard and woody. It matures aged 30 and can live up to 150 years. Many tiny roots

Aspen Deciduous. Up to 25m/80ft Lives 50-60 years. Thin green/grey bark. Shiny brown, sticky, pointed buds. Egg shaped leaves. Catkins 2-3 inches long like furry caterpillars. Male catkins contain bunches of furry stamen with purple/red heads surrounded by fluffy grey down. Female have no stamen. Flowers: April

Aspen Deciduous. Up to 25m/80ft Lives 50-60 years. Thin green/grey bark. Shiny brown, sticky, pointed buds. Egg shaped leaves. Catkins 2-3 inches long like furry caterpillars. Male catkins contain bunches of furry stamen with purple/red heads surrounded by fluffy grey down. Female have no stamen. Flowers: April

Carob Evergreen tree. Up to 10m Trunk: short and grey/brown bark Leaves dark green divided into pairs of oblong rounded leaflets, lighter on underside Flowers: green May-October Pods 10-30cm long, 3-5cm broad, containing dark brown seeds

Holly Evergreen tree. Up to 21mm/70ft. Lower leaves-alternate, spiky, dark green. Higher leaves-oval/ Red blossoms followed by red berries November/December. Bark smooth grey. Small white 5 petals flowers in May/June

Rowan Small deciduous tree up to 20m/66ft tall with smooth grey bark Leaves alternate, toothed, leaflets in 5-10pairs Flowers small, white in umbel May, five petals, five sepals. Red berry clusters 6-9mm. August – November

Sea buckthorn Branched shrub or small tree Up to 6m Thorny, red/brown branches Leaves: alternate, dark green Flowers: yellow March-April Fruit: orange berry

Ash grey bark. Height up to 148 ft girth of 22 ft Lives up to 150 years. Black buds Tall, long slender branches. Silvery-grey bark, matt black buds & ash keys.

Mature 4-50 years old. Grow up to 130 ft.

Leaves made up of 9 or 13 leaflets. One of the last to come into leaf in spring and the 1^st to drop in autumn. The leaflets have a conduit for water to run down their centre stem

Flowers in April or May. Purple headed stamens no petals.

Seeds green bottled shaped

When the flower drops lime green keys are left (also known as spinners due to the way they spin when thrown)

Deeply rooted and tend to exhaust the soil to little grows under it

Beech 36m/120ft Silver-grey trunk. Pointed buds. Leaves bright green, oval, alternate, turn bronze in autumn. Flowers male dropping stalked heads, female in pairs. Fruit four inside prickly brown husk September-October deciduous tree Only fruits every 3-4 years

Birch Silver Deciduous tree up to 30m. Soft wood. Silver trunk. Leaves ace of spades shape, small; and pointed double toothed edged light green, short stalked

Male and female flowers on the same tree April-May

Fir silver Coniferous tree up to 55m/180ft Age up to 500 years. Bark-silvery grey. Needles. Male flowers are yellow, female green form cones in September

Elder Large deciduous bush or tree up to 10m/33ft. with a corky bark. Buds set on alternative twigs. Leaves-5 to 7 leaflets large dark green with toothed margins, opposite, pinnate. Flowers-white umbels of numerous flowers, yellow anthers, four petals May and June. Bark-pale yellow/brown. Berry bunches –clusters of small purple-black fruit end of summer. Straight growing branches

Carob Evergreen tree. Up to 10m Trunk: short and grey/brown bark Leaves dark green divided into pairs of oblong rounded leaflets, lighter on underside Flowers: green May-October Pods 10-30cm long, 3-5cm broad, containing dark brown seeds

Chestnut sweet Tall, uneven deciduous tree 30m/100ft tall. Leaves single spear headed serrated, leathery 15-30cm long, 6-8cm wide. Flowers catkins have yellow male flowers towards the end, green female part below. Fruit two or three in spherical green cases with long spines October- November

Fir silver Coniferous tree up to 55m/180ft Age up to 500 years. Bark-silvery grey. Needles. Male flowers are yellow, female green form cones in September

Almond sweet Tree Flowers: white or pink late January

Apple Deciduous Grows up to 9m/30ft with a girth of 3m/10ft.

Oval leaves with wedge shaped base. Bright green on top, pale underneath. Purplish buds with white hair White flowers (wild), pink tinged flowers & thorn-less (domestic) open April – May

Ash grey bark. Height up to 148 ft girth of 22 ft Lives up to 150 years. Black buds Tall, long slender branches. Silvery-grey bark, matt black buds & ash keys.

Mature 4-50 years old. Grow up to 130 ft.

Leaves made up of 9 or 13 leaflets. One of the last to come into leaf in spring and the 1^st to drop in autumn. The leaflets have a conduit for water to run down their centre stem

Flowers in April or May. Purple headed stamens no petals.

Seeds green bottled shaped

When the flower drops lime green keys are left (also known as spinners due to the way they spin when thrown)

Deeply rooted and tend to exhaust the soil to little grows under it

Holly Evergreen tree. Up to 21mm/70ft. Lower leaves-alternate, spiky, dark green. Higher leaves-oval/ Red blossoms followed by red berries November/December. Bark smooth grey. Small white 5 petals flowers in May/June

Larch European Deciduous conifer. Can live up to 700 years old. Female flowers bright red, male flowers – yellow

Pomegranate  Small tree or shrub up to 5m. Dark green shiny mostly opposite oval or lanceolata short stalked leaves, red flowers June-October

Almond sweet Tree Flowers: white or pink late January

Apple Deciduous Grows up to 9m/30ft with a girth of 3m/10ft.

Oval leaves with wedge shaped base. Bright green on top, pale underneath. Purplish buds with white hair White flowers (wild), pink tinged flowers & thorn-less (domestic) open April – May

lder Large deciduous bush or tree up to 10m/33ft. with a corky bark. Buds set on alternative twigs. Leaves-5 to 7 leaflets large dark green with toothed margins, opposite, pinnate. Flowers-white umbels of numerous flowers, yellow anthers, four petals May and June. Bark-pale yellow/brown. Berry bunches –clusters of small purple-black fruit end of summer. Straight growing branches

Horse Chestnut Deciduous tree up to 30m. Large leaves, white flowers tinged with yellow or pink at the base May-June. The seeds (conkers) are grown and grown in a green prickly shell.

Rowan Small deciduous tree up to 20m/66ft tall with smooth grey bark Leaves alternate, toothed, leaflets in 5-10pairs Flowers small, white in umbel May, five petals, five sepals. Red berry clusters 6-9mm. August – November

Medlar Deciduous tree up to 6m/20ft tall. Leaves alternate crinkled white hairs beneath, Flowers solitary five white petals with longer green sepals May – June. Fruit resembles a giant brown rosehip with the five tailed calyx protruding from the head of the fruit like a crown

Chestnut sweet Tall, uneven deciduous tree 30m/100ft tall. Leaves single spear headed serrated, leathery 15-30cm long, 6-8cm wide. Flowers catkins have yellow male flowers towards the end, green female part below. Fruit two or three in spherical green cases with long spines October- November

Fir silver Coniferous tree up to 55m/180ft Age up to 500 years. Bark-silvery grey. Needles. Male flowers are yellow, female green form cones in September

Juniper Evergreen conifer. Up to 1.5-3.5m/4-12ft. Stem: reddish Leaves prickly needles in whorls of three Flowers small yellow at base of leaves May – June Fruit green berry like cone in June ripens to dark purple berries September or October

Larch European Deciduous conifer. Can live up to 700 years old. Female flowers bright red, male flowers – yellow

Linden Tall deciduous tree up to 45m/150ft. Dark brown trunk. Leaves large heart shaped smooth above paler with a few tufts of fine white hair below. Flowers drooping clusters of heavily scented yellow blossom July

Sea buckthorn Branched shrub or small tree Up to 6m Thorny, red/brown branches Leaves: alternate, dark green Flowers: yellow March-April Fruit: orange berry

Elder Large deciduous bush or tree up to 10m/33ft. with a corky bark. Buds set on alternative twigs. Leaves-5 to 7 leaflets large dark green with toothed margins, opposite, pinnate. Flowers-white umbels of numerous flowers, yellow anthers, four petals May and June. Bark-pale yellow/brown. Berry bunches –clusters of small purple-black fruit end of summer. Straight growing branches

Orange

Sea buckthorn Branched shrub or small tree Up to 6m Thorny, red/brown branches Leaves: alternate, dark green Flowers: yellow March-April Fruit: orange berry

Purple

Juniper Evergreen conifer. Up to 1.5-3.5m/4-12ft. Stem: reddish Leaves prickly needles in whorls of three Flowers small yellow at base of leaves May – June Fruit green berry like cone in June ripens to dark purple berries September or October

Red

Rowan Small deciduous tree up to 20m/66ft tall with smooth grey bark Leaves alternate, toothed, leaflets in 5-10pairs Flowers small, white in umbel May, five petals, five sepals. Red berry clusters 6-9mm. August – November

Beech 36m/120ft Silver-grey trunk. Pointed buds. Leaves bright green, oval, alternate, turn bronze in autumn. Flowers male dropping stalked heads, female in pairs. Fruit four inside prickly brown husk September-October deciduous tree Only fruits every 3-4 years

Holly Evergreen tree. Up to 21mm/70ft. Lower leaves-alternate, spiky, dark green. Higher leaves-oval/ Red blossoms followed by red berries November/December. Bark smooth grey. Small white 5 petals flowers in May/June

Medlar Deciduous tree up to 6m/20ft tall. Leaves alternate crinkled white hairs beneath, Flowers solitary five white petals with longer green sepals May – June. Fruit resembles a giant brown rosehip with the five tailed calyx protruding from the head of the fruit like a crown

Oak Deciduous tree up to 35m/115ft with a broad domed crown Leaves bright green alternate wavy edged. Flowers May-June Acorns

Rowan Small deciduous tree up to 20m/66ft tall with smooth grey bark Leaves alternate, toothed, leaflets in 5-10pairs Flowers small, white in umbel May, five petals, five sepals. Red berry clusters 6-9mm. August – November

Walnut Large deciduous tree up to 25m. Trunk: broad Leaves: green, alternate, seven-nine leaflets 5-10cm long, 3-4cm wide,  Flowers May – June Fruit: light brown

Alder –Common Black-Tree which grows over 90 ft

Black or dark grey bark that is very wrinkled.

The leaves open in April and are rounded and inverted heart shape with the broadest part furthest away from the stem. With a toothed edge and blunt tip. They are light green when they 1st open but gradually get darker before falling in November. The leaf bud is enclosed in a brown/yellow pair of bud scales which peel back as the leaf opens The leaves are sticky when young as a gum is produced to ward off moisture. Alternate

The male flowers are arranged in catkins and are visible in winter as brown oval buds. In march they form into lambs tails. The female ones are a cluster of small flowers, which develop, into woody cones with small winged nutlets. The cones are green at 1st but become hard and woody. It matures aged 30 and can live up to 150 years. Many tiny roots

Beech 36m/120ft Silver-grey trunk. Pointed buds. Leaves bright green, oval, alternate, turn bronze in autumn. Flowers male dropping stalked heads, female in pairs. Fruit four inside prickly brown husk September-October deciduous tree Only fruits every 3-4 years

Carob Evergreen tree. Up to 10m Trunk: short and grey/brown bark Leaves dark green divided into pairs of oblong rounded leaflets, lighter on underside Flowers: green May-October Pods 10-30cm long, 3-5cm broad, containing dark brown seeds

lder Large deciduous bush or tree up to 10m/33ft. with a corky bark. Buds set on alternative twigs. Leaves-5 to 7 leaflets large dark green with toothed margins, opposite, pinnate. Flowers-white umbels of numerous flowers, yellow anthers, four petals May and June. Bark-pale yellow/brown. Berry bunches –clusters of small purple-black fruit end of summer. Straight growing branches

Holly Evergreen tree. Up to 21mm/70ft. Lower leaves-alternate, spiky, dark green. Higher leaves-oval/ Red blossoms followed by red berries November/December. Bark smooth grey. Small white 5 petals flowers in May/June

Aspen Deciduous. Up to 25m/80ft Lives 50-60 years. Thin green/grey bark. Shiny brown, sticky, pointed buds. Egg shaped leaves. Catkins 2-3 inches long like furry caterpillars. Male catkins contain bunches of furry stamen with purple/red heads surrounded by fluffy grey down. Female have no stamen. Flowers: April

Frangula Small thornless tree. Leaves: broadly elliptical, smooth.

Alder –Common Black-Tree which grows over 90 ft

Black or dark grey bark that is very wrinkled.

The leaves open in April and are rounded and inverted heart shape with the broadest part furthest away from the stem. With a toothed edge and blunt tip. They are light green when they 1st open but gradually get darker before falling in November. The leaf bud is enclosed in a brown/yellow pair of bud scales which peel back as the leaf opens The leaves are sticky when young as a gum is produced to ward off moisture. Alternate

The male flowers are arranged in catkins and are visible in winter as brown oval buds. In march they form into lambs tails. The female ones are a cluster of small flowers, which develop, into woody cones with small winged nutlets. The cones are green at 1st but become hard and woody. It matures aged 30 and can live up to 150 years. Many tiny roots

Pomegranate  Small tree or shrub up to 5m. Dark green shiny mostly opposite oval or lanceolata short stalked leaves, red flowers June-October

Ash grey bark. Height up to 148 ft girth of 22 ft Lives up to 150 years. Black buds Tall, long slender branches. Silvery-grey bark, matt black buds & ash keys.

Mature 4-50 years old. Grow up to 130 ft.

Leaves made up of 9 or 13 leaflets. One of the last to come into leaf in spring and the 1^st to drop in autumn. The leaflets have a conduit for water to run down their centre stem

Flowers in April or May. Purple headed stamens no petals.

Seeds green bottled shaped

When the flower drops lime green keys are left (also known as spinners due to the way they spin when thrown)

Deeply rooted and tend to exhaust the soil to little grows under it

Elder Large deciduous bush or tree up to 10m/33ft. with a corky bark. Buds set on alternative twigs. Leaves-5 to 7 leaflets large dark green with toothed margins, opposite, pinnate. Flowers-white umbels of numerous flowers, yellow anthers, four petals May and June. Bark-pale yellow/brown. Berry bunches –clusters of small purple-black fruit end of summer. Straight growing branches

Rowan Small deciduous tree up to 20m/66ft tall with smooth grey bark Leaves alternate, toothed, leaflets in 5-10pairs Flowers small, white in umbel May, five petals, five sepals. Red berry clusters 6-9mm. August – November

Walnut Large deciduous tree up to 25m. Trunk: broad Leaves: green, alternate, seven-nine leaflets 5-10cm long, 3-4cm wide,  Flowers May – June Fruit: light brown

Carob Evergreen tree. Up to 10m Trunk: short and grey/brown bark Leaves dark green divided into pairs of oblong rounded leaflets, lighter on underside Flowers: green May-October Pods 10-30cm long, 3-5cm broad, containing dark brown seeds

Carob Evergreen tree. Up to 10m Trunk: short and grey/brown bark Leaves dark green divided into pairs of oblong rounded leaflets, lighter on underside Flowers: green May-October Pods 10-30cm long, 3-5cm broad, containing dark brown seeds

lder Large deciduous bush or tree up to 10m/33ft. with a corky bark. Buds set on alternative twigs. Leaves-5 to 7 leaflets large dark green with toothed margins, opposite, pinnate. Flowers-white umbels of numerous flowers, yellow anthers, four petals May and June. Bark-pale yellow/brown. Berry bunches –clusters of small purple-black fruit end of summer. Straight growing branches

Pomegranate  Small tree or shrub up to 5m. Dark green shiny mostly opposite oval or lanceolata short stalked leaves, red flowers June-October

Apple Deciduous Grows up to 9m/30ft with a girth of 3m/10ft.

Oval leaves with wedge shaped base. Bright green on top, pale underneath. Purplish buds with white hair White flowers (wild), pink tinged flowers & thorn-less (domestic) open April – May

Beech 36m/120ft Silver-grey trunk. Pointed buds. Leaves bright green, oval, alternate, turn bronze in autumn. Flowers male dropping stalked heads, female in pairs. Fruit four inside prickly brown husk September-October deciduous tree Only fruits every 3-4 years

Pomegranate  Small tree or shrub up to 5m. Dark green shiny mostly opposite oval or lanceolata short stalked leaves, red flowers June-October

lder Large deciduous bush or tree up to 10m/33ft. with a corky bark. Buds set on alternative twigs. Leaves-5 to 7 leaflets large dark green with toothed margins, opposite, pinnate. Flowers-white umbels of numerous flowers, yellow anthers, four petals May and June. Bark-pale yellow/brown. Berry bunches –clusters of small purple-black fruit end of summer. Straight growing branches

Juniper Evergreen conifer. Up to 1.5-3.5m/4-12ft. Stem: reddish Leaves prickly needles in whorls of three Flowers small yellow at base of leaves May – June Fruit green berry like cone in June ripens to dark purple berries September or October

Alder –Common Black-Tree which grows over 90 ft

Black or dark grey bark that is very wrinkled.

The leaves open in April and are rounded and inverted heart shape with the broadest part furthest away from the stem. With a toothed edge and blunt tip. They are light green when they 1st open but gradually get darker before falling in November. The leaf bud is enclosed in a brown/yellow pair of bud scales which peel back as the leaf opens The leaves are sticky when young as a gum is produced to ward off moisture. Alternate

The male flowers are arranged in catkins and are visible in winter as brown oval buds. In march they form into lambs tails. The female ones are a cluster of small flowers, which develop, into woody cones with small winged nutlets. The cones are green at 1st but become hard and woody. It matures aged 30 and can live up to 150 years. Many tiny roots

Carob Evergreen tree. Up to 10m Trunk: short and grey/brown bark Leaves dark green divided into pairs of oblong rounded leaflets, lighter on underside Flowers: green May-October Pods 10-30cm long, 3-5cm broad, containing dark brown seeds

Chestnut sweet Tall, uneven deciduous tree 30m/100ft tall. Leaves single spear headed serrated, leathery 15-30cm long, 6-8cm wide. Flowers catkins have yellow male flowers towards the end, green female part below. Fruit two or three in spherical green cases with long spines October- November

Chestnut sweet Tall, uneven deciduous tree 30m/100ft tall. Leaves single spear headed serrated, leathery 15-30cm long, 6-8cm wide. Flowers catkins have yellow male flowers towards the end, green female part below. Fruit two or three in spherical green cases with long spines October- November

Holly Evergreen tree. Up to 21mm/70ft. Lower leaves-alternate, spiky, dark green. Higher leaves-oval/ Red blossoms followed by red berries November/December. Bark smooth grey. Small white 5 petals flowers in May/June

Birch Silver Deciduous tree up to 30m. Soft wood. Silver trunk. Leaves ace of spades shape, small; and pointed double toothed edged light green, short stalked

Male and female flowers on the same tree April-May

Pomegranate  Small tree or shrub up to 5m. Dark green shiny mostly opposite oval or lanceolata short stalked leaves, red flowers June-October

Alder –Common Black-Tree which grows over 90 ft

Black or dark grey bark that is very wrinkled.

The leaves open in April and are rounded and inverted heart shape with the broadest part furthest away from the stem. With a toothed edge and blunt tip. They are light green when they 1st open but gradually get darker before falling in November. The leaf bud is enclosed in a brown/yellow pair of bud scales which peel back as the leaf opens The leaves are sticky when young as a gum is produced to ward off moisture. Alternate

The male flowers are arranged in catkins and are visible in winter as brown oval buds. In march they form into lambs tails. The female ones are a cluster of small flowers, which develop, into woody cones with small winged nutlets. The cones are green at 1st but become hard and woody. It matures aged 30 and can live up to 150 years. Many tiny roots

Birch Silver Deciduous tree up to 30m. Soft wood. Silver trunk. Leaves ace of spades shape, small; and pointed double toothed edged light green, short stalked

Male and female flowers on the same tree April-May

lder Large deciduous bush or tree up to 10m/33ft. with a corky bark. Buds set on alternative twigs. Leaves-5 to 7 leaflets large dark green with toothed margins, opposite, pinnate. Flowers-white umbels of numerous flowers, yellow anthers, four petals May and June. Bark-pale yellow/brown. Berry bunches –clusters of small purple-black fruit end of summer. Straight growing branches

Rowan Small deciduous tree up to 20m/66ft tall with smooth grey bark Leaves alternate, toothed, leaflets in 5-10pairs Flowers small, white in umbel May, five petals, five sepals. Red berry clusters 6-9mm. August – November

Apple Deciduous Grows up to 9m/30ft with a girth of 3m/10ft.

Oval leaves with wedge shaped base. Bright green on top, pale underneath. Purplish buds with white hair White flowers (wild), pink tinged flowers & thorn-less (domestic) open April – May

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